Sabtu, 06 Juli 2019
Plagiarism speech
Asslamuailaikum
Honorable, all audiences. Let us offer thank for the presence of Allah SWT because of His mercy we can gather in this place in the best of our health. And let’s say sholawat to our prophet Muhammad SAW.
Hello guys how are you? Thank you for the time and opportunity that have been given to me today. Let me introduce my self first. My name is Mawarni, I am a college student in gunadarama university. Today I want to tell you guys about thing that are so close in our life. We have all seen it, heard it or done it.
In today modern world our country has developed a quick and easy life styles with numerous Shortcuts. We have transportation online, like gojek who makes our life easier in almost aspects. And we have high speed internet that can help pull up any website within a few seconds. Although most shortcuts seem to be beneficial and help peoples, but there are also dangerous shortcuts. Such as plagiarism.
As a college students we must know what is plagiarism. But I want to talk deeply about it. According to yourdictionary.com plagiarism is the act of coping or stealing someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own work. An example of plagiarism is when you copy a paper from the internet, put your name in it and turn it as if you wrote it. Plagiarism is an unfair dis on the Shortcuts. Giving unworthy individuals false credits for accomplishment that they do not complete on their own.
But plagiarism is not just copying word for word, something you find on the internet or mixing all kinds of copied information together, it’s stealing peoples ideas. So the idea that the person comes up with while thinking themselves and you stealing that is plagiarism. Anything created can be plagiarised.
Plagiarism is important because if people keep plagiarize its going to ruin creativity in our society or the innovation in our society. This leading to a more lazy society. So is it wrong to plagiarize? Well of course it is.
According to paperwritings.com there are two major kinds of harm plagiarism causes. First, it is something as simple as stealing and lying-you just steal someone else’s work and trick somebody into believing it was you who had written it, which is as immoral as any other kind of theft is. It means that somebody had actually spent time and effort in order to create something, while you did nothing but ripping it off and submitting it.
Second, it is crime you commit against yourself. If you study At an educational institutions, there are certain tasks you are given in order to ensure that you learn something. When you resort to plagiarism, you undo all these efforts for, instead of actually doing something and understanding it in process, you use someone else’s work and the certain amount of experience that you were supposed to get just misses you.
Some people have made the decision to plagiarize and have to face the consequences. The first consequences that would happen when plagiarising is that could ruin your reputation like what happened to Indonesian teenager named alfi firda nihaya. Do you know her guys? So alfi is a teenae girl from banyuwangi. She is suddenly became famous because of her Facebook post about “warisan”
She claimed as hers writing and everyone amazed with that, even the president invited her. But the truth is she plagiarize from Kita handayani's blog. Afi's case, along with my experience, is a wake up call for the importance of implicit and explicit plagiarism instructions. It conveys the need to start teaching students from early childhood through retelling stories that require them to do their own words.
So how do we avoid plagiarism?
1.Understanding the context
•Do not copy paste the text verbatim from the reference paper. Instead, restate the idea in your own words.
• Understand the ideas of the reference source well in order to paraphrase correctly.
2.Quote
Use quotes to indicate that text has been taken from another paper. The quotes should be exactly the way they appear in the paper you take them from.
3.Identify what does and does not need to be cited.
• Any words or ideas that are not your own but taken from another paper need to be cited.
• Cite your own material if you are using content from your previous paper, you must cite yourself. Using material you have published before without citation is called self-plagiarism.
• The scientific evidence you gathered after performing your test should not be cited.
• Facts or common knowledge need not be cited. Unsure, include a reference.
4.Manage your citations
•Maintain records of the sources you refer to. Use citation software like EndNote or Reference manager to manage the citation used for the paper.
• Use multiple references for the background information/literature survey. For example, rather than referencing a review, the individual papers should be referred to and cited.
While it is perfectly oke to survey previouslt published work, it is not oke to paraphrase the same with extensive similarity. Most of the plagiarism occurs in the literature review section of any document (manuscript, thesis, etc.) Therefore, if you read the original work carefully, try to understand the context, take a good notes, and the express it to your target audience in your own language (without forgetting to cite the original source), then you will never be accused with plagiarism (at least for the literature review section).
I think that's all my speech. I hope it is useful for you all. I am sorry for any words or behave that unpleasing your heart. Thank you very much for the occasion and your kind attention.
Wasalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Honorable, all audiences. Let us offer thank for the presence of Allah SWT because of His mercy we can gather in this place in the best of our health. And let’s say sholawat to our prophet Muhammad SAW.
Hello guys how are you? Thank you for the time and opportunity that have been given to me today. Let me introduce my self first. My name is Mawarni, I am a college student in gunadarama university. Today I want to tell you guys about thing that are so close in our life. We have all seen it, heard it or done it.
In today modern world our country has developed a quick and easy life styles with numerous Shortcuts. We have transportation online, like gojek who makes our life easier in almost aspects. And we have high speed internet that can help pull up any website within a few seconds. Although most shortcuts seem to be beneficial and help peoples, but there are also dangerous shortcuts. Such as plagiarism.
As a college students we must know what is plagiarism. But I want to talk deeply about it. According to yourdictionary.com plagiarism is the act of coping or stealing someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own work. An example of plagiarism is when you copy a paper from the internet, put your name in it and turn it as if you wrote it. Plagiarism is an unfair dis on the Shortcuts. Giving unworthy individuals false credits for accomplishment that they do not complete on their own.
But plagiarism is not just copying word for word, something you find on the internet or mixing all kinds of copied information together, it’s stealing peoples ideas. So the idea that the person comes up with while thinking themselves and you stealing that is plagiarism. Anything created can be plagiarised.
Plagiarism is important because if people keep plagiarize its going to ruin creativity in our society or the innovation in our society. This leading to a more lazy society. So is it wrong to plagiarize? Well of course it is.
According to paperwritings.com there are two major kinds of harm plagiarism causes. First, it is something as simple as stealing and lying-you just steal someone else’s work and trick somebody into believing it was you who had written it, which is as immoral as any other kind of theft is. It means that somebody had actually spent time and effort in order to create something, while you did nothing but ripping it off and submitting it.
Second, it is crime you commit against yourself. If you study At an educational institutions, there are certain tasks you are given in order to ensure that you learn something. When you resort to plagiarism, you undo all these efforts for, instead of actually doing something and understanding it in process, you use someone else’s work and the certain amount of experience that you were supposed to get just misses you.
Some people have made the decision to plagiarize and have to face the consequences. The first consequences that would happen when plagiarising is that could ruin your reputation like what happened to Indonesian teenager named alfi firda nihaya. Do you know her guys? So alfi is a teenae girl from banyuwangi. She is suddenly became famous because of her Facebook post about “warisan”
She claimed as hers writing and everyone amazed with that, even the president invited her. But the truth is she plagiarize from Kita handayani's blog. Afi's case, along with my experience, is a wake up call for the importance of implicit and explicit plagiarism instructions. It conveys the need to start teaching students from early childhood through retelling stories that require them to do their own words.
So how do we avoid plagiarism?
1.Understanding the context
•Do not copy paste the text verbatim from the reference paper. Instead, restate the idea in your own words.
• Understand the ideas of the reference source well in order to paraphrase correctly.
2.Quote
Use quotes to indicate that text has been taken from another paper. The quotes should be exactly the way they appear in the paper you take them from.
3.Identify what does and does not need to be cited.
• Any words or ideas that are not your own but taken from another paper need to be cited.
• Cite your own material if you are using content from your previous paper, you must cite yourself. Using material you have published before without citation is called self-plagiarism.
• The scientific evidence you gathered after performing your test should not be cited.
• Facts or common knowledge need not be cited. Unsure, include a reference.
4.Manage your citations
•Maintain records of the sources you refer to. Use citation software like EndNote or Reference manager to manage the citation used for the paper.
• Use multiple references for the background information/literature survey. For example, rather than referencing a review, the individual papers should be referred to and cited.
While it is perfectly oke to survey previouslt published work, it is not oke to paraphrase the same with extensive similarity. Most of the plagiarism occurs in the literature review section of any document (manuscript, thesis, etc.) Therefore, if you read the original work carefully, try to understand the context, take a good notes, and the express it to your target audience in your own language (without forgetting to cite the original source), then you will never be accused with plagiarism (at least for the literature review section).
I think that's all my speech. I hope it is useful for you all. I am sorry for any words or behave that unpleasing your heart. Thank you very much for the occasion and your kind attention.
Wasalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Jumat, 05 April 2019
PLAGIARISM, WHAT IS IT?
WHAT
IS PLAGIARISM?
If you use another person's work and do not
attribute that work to the author, including copying text verbatim,
paraphrasing a phrase or summarizing an idea, you are essentially committing
plagiarism. Plagiarism usually occurs when a writer fails to:
- cite
quotes or ideas written by another author;
- enclose
direct text in quotes; or
- put
summaries and/or paraphrases in the his or her own words.
plagiarism can also happen in songs or other types
of works that may be too similar to another artist's creation. Plagiarism may
be done deliberately or accidentally; either way, plagiarism is a serious
offense. Committing plagiarism could be grounds for expelling a student from a
university, terminating a professor's teaching contract, or suing an artist for
monetary compensation.
THE
COMMON TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
There are different types of plagiarism and all are
serious violations of academic honesty.
v Direct
Plagiarism
Direct plagiarism is
the word-for-word transcription of a section of someone else’s work, without
attribution and without quotation marks. The deliberate plagiarism of someone
else's work is unethical, academically dishonest, and grounds for disciplinary
actions, including expulsion.
v Self
Plagiarism
Self-plagiarism occurs
when a student submits his or her own previous work, or mixes parts of previous
works, without permission from all professors involved. For example, it would
be unacceptable to incorporate part of a term paper you wrote in high school
into a paper assigned in a college course. Self-plagiarism also applies to
submitting the same piece of work for assignments in different classes without
previous permission from both professors.
v Mosaic
Plagiarism
Mosaic Plagiarism
occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source without using quotation
marks, or finds synonyms for the author’s language while keeping to the same
general structure and meaning of the original. Sometimes called “patch
writing,” this kind of paraphrasing, whether intentional or not, is
academically dishonest and punishable – even if you footnote your source
v Accidental
Plagiarism
Accidental plagiarism
occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources, or misquotes their
sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups
of words, and/or sentence structure without attribution. (See example for
mosaic plagiarism.) Students must learn how to cite their sources and to take
careful and accurate notes when doing research. (See the Note-Taking section on
the Avoiding Plagiarism page.) Lack of intent does not absolve the student of
responsibility for plagiarism. Cases of accidental plagiarism are taken as
seriously as any other plagiarism and are subject to the same range of
consequences as other types of plagiarism.
THE
PROBLEM WITH PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism has been a problem in schools and
universities for years, but has become even more prevalent with the birth of
the Internet. Search engines make it easy to find thousands of authors' works
immediately, which can then be copied and pasted for a school paper, article,
book, etc. Recently, 48 University of Virginia students quit or were expelled
for plagiarism, and studies have shown that most college students know that
plagiarism is wrong. Yet, students plagiarize anyway because they believe they
will not get caught. Other students simply do not understand how to properly
cite sources, resulting in many cases of accidental plagiarism.
Web sites today often provide complete essays on
nearly any topic, making it easy for students to copy another person's work and
pass it off as their own. Sometimes called "paper mills," some of
these Web sites offer completed papers, while others allow students to trade
their completed papers among one another.
WHAT
ARE THE LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM?
Most already know that plagiarism is an ethical
infraction and a violation of your school or workplace’s honor code. If you’re
caught plagiarizing, you can be punished by your school, fired from your job,
or even have your career ruined.
But what about legal consequences? Is it possible
for a plagiarist to get sued or, even worse, face criminal action? The answer
is that it depends on the nature of the plagiarism. The most obvious way that a
plagiarism can become a legal issue is copyright infringement. Copyright is a
set of exclusive rights granted to the creator of an original work. Plagiarism,
often times, violates those rights both by copying the work without permission
and distributing it.
However, copyright is not the only way for
plagiarism to end up in court. Outside the classroom, when submitting research
grants or providing projects to clients, there are often contracts that require
the work submitted to be original. Plagiarism is a breach of that contract and
can result in a lawsuit.
SOURCES
Jumat, 29 Maret 2019
Sejarah "Public Speaking"
PENGERTIAN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Public speaking adalah suatu bentuk komunikasi
kepada sekelompok orang didepan umum (biasanya dalam bentuk ceramah atau
pidato) yang bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi, mempengaruhi atau menghibur.
Public Speaking merupakan rumpun keluarga Ilmu Komunikasi dimana mencakup
kemampuan seseorang untuk dapat berbicara di depan publik, kelompok maupun
perseorangan perlu menggunakan strategi, teknik yang tepat. Berdebat,
menyampaikan pidato, memimpin rapat,
Me-moderatori atau memandu sebuah acara, memandu sessi doa, melakukan
debat dalam diskusi, memimpin sessi presentasi atau diskusi, menjadi presenter
tv, mengajar dan lain sebagainya. Secara sederhana public speaking merupakan
tata cara melakukan bicara di depan umum, secara runtut dan terencana, dengan
tujuan tertentu.
Saat ini public speaking dianggap merupakan
tingkatan komunikasi tertinggi dalam komunikasi, dari komunikasi intrapersonal
sampai komunikasi publik, yang bisa dilakukan oleh manusia dan termasuk dalam
salah satu model model komunikasi yang dipelajari sejak dulu, dan siapapun
dapat melakukannya serta tidak harus berada dalam ruang lingkup politik
sebagaimana pada zaman dahulu. Beberapa menyebutkan bahwa suatu komunikasi
dapat disebut dengan komunikasi publik apabila jumlah audiens yang berada dalam
komunikasi tersebut berjumlah lebih dari sepuluh orang. Akan tetapi pada
prinsipnya komunikasi publik memiliki bentuk sistem komunikasi massa yang
melibatkan pembicara dan audiens dalam jumlah yang banyak dan tidak dapat
dipahami hanya dengan model komunikasi antar pribadi.
KOMPONEN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Public Speaking memiliki komponen-komponen tertentu
sebagaimana komunikasi yang lain. Adapun komunikasi publik memiliki komponen
sebagai berikut.
- Stimulus,
yaitu suatu rangsangan awal sebagai sebuah bentuk mencari atensi
psikologis pada para audiens yang dihadapi oleh seorang pembicara.
- Pembicara,
yaitu orang yang berbicara di depan publik yang membangun pesan
dilandaskan pada pengalaman yang dimiliki, keadaan emosional-psikologis,
tujuan pembicara dan lain sebagainya. Pembicara biasanya berharap mencapai
tujuan tertentu dengan menyajikan pesan tertentu pada sekelompok
pendengar.
- Pesan,
yaitu apa yang disampaikan oleh pembicara baik pesan verbal ataupun pesan
nonverbal.
- Channel,
yaitu saluran komunikasi yang digunakan oleh pembicara dan pendengar untuk
saling berkomunikasi.
- Audiens, yaitu sekelompok orang yang berkumpul untuk
mendengarkan pembicara.
- Konteks, yaitu situasi yang melingkupi komunikasi publik.
- Dampak, yaitu akibat-akibat atau efek-efek apa yang akan
terjadi setelah komunikasi dilakukan oleh pembicara.
- Feedback, yaitu umpan balik audiens pada pembicara.
- Gangguan, yaitu segala sesuatu yang mengganggu jalannya
komunikasi.
- Komunikasi antar anggota
audiens, yaitu komunikasi yang terjadi
di dalam kelompok audiens ketika pembicara berbicara.
SEJARAH
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Ilmu public speaking yang saat ini sedang terus kita
pelajari ternyata telah ada sejak ratusan tahun yang lalu. Ketika berbicara
tentang nama-nama besar di sepanjang sejarah public speaking, nama Dale
Carnegie tidak mungkin bisa dihindari. Dale Carnegie adalah salah satu pioner
dalam bidang public speaking dan self development di dunia. Buku karangan
beliau pada tahun 1936 yang berjudul How to Win Friends and Influence People
masih menjadi best seller sampai hari ini.
Dale
Carnegie lahir di Amerika pada tahun 1888. Dibesarkan di keluarga petani miskin
mengharuskannya untuk melakukan berbagai cara agar dapat bertahan hidup, mulai
dari berjualan susu sampai berjualan sabun. Tetapi dibalik kesusahan itu
karakter-karakter luar biasa yang dimiliki oleh Dale Carnegie mulai terbentuk. Di
tahun 1911, Dale Carnegie yang hampir bangkrut mendapatkan sebuah ide untuk
mengajarkan public speaking yang merupakan cikal bakal dari the Dale Carnegie
Course. Ketertarikan masyarakat Amerika untuk belajar public speaking dan
meningkatkan kepercayaan diri membuat nama Carnegie melambung dengan cepat.
Sampai hari ini metode belajar yang digunakan oleh beliau masih diterapkan di
lebih dari 80 negara lewat sebuah organisasi bernama Dale Carnegie Training.
beberapa
ilmu luar biasa yang diajarkan oleh Dale Carnegie lewat tiga quote dari beliau:
"Only
the prepared speaker deserves to be confident"
(Hanya
pembicara yang sudah siap yang pantas mendapatkan kepercayaan diri)
Persiapan merupakan langkah awal dan langkah terpenting
dalam proses public speaking. Dalam buku Public Speaking for Success, Dale
Carnegie mengatakan bahwa lakukan persiapan dengan memikirkannya selama 7 hari
dan memimpikannya selama 7 malam. Beliau juga memberikan contoh tentang
bagaimana seorang public speaker hebat yang juga merupakan mantan presiden
Amerika Serikat, Abraham Lincoln mengerahkan banyak tenaga untuk melakukan
persiapan sebelum berpidato. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa persiapan yang baik
merupakan sebuah hal yang sangat penting bahkan pembicara hebat seperti Abraham
Lincoln melakukannya dengan sungguh-sungguh.
"Tell
the audience what you're going to say, say it, then tell them what you've
said"
(Katakan
pada audiens apa yang akan Anda katakan, katakan hal tersebut, dan sekali lagi
katakan apa yang telah Anda katakan)
Tujuan utama dari setiap pembicara adalah
menyampaikan pesan kepada audiens. Pesan tersebut bisa berupa informasi,
himbauan, ajakan, dan sebagainya. Jadi hal terpenting yang harus diperhatikan
seorang pembicara adalah bagaimana caranya supaya pesan tersebut dapat sampai
kepada audiens. Dale Carnegie memberikan sebuah metode yang sangat efektif
berupa pengulangan yaitu dengan mengucapakan pesan yang akan Anda sampaikan,
kemudian mengucapkan pesan tersebut, dan terakhir mengulangi pesan tersebut
sekali lagi.
"I
am very fond of strawberries and cream but I have found that for some strange
reason, fish prefesh worms. So when I went fishing, I didn't think about what I
wanted. I thought about what they wanted"
(Saya
sangat menyukai stroberi dan krim tetapi saya mengetahui bahwa ikan lebih
menyukai cacing. Jadi ketika saya pergi memancing saya tidak berpikir tentang
apa yang saya inginkan. Saya berpikir apa yang mereka inginkan)
Perumpamaan tentang memancing yang disampaikan oleh
Dale Carnegie mengajarkan kita untuk mempunyai pola pikir yang berorientasi
pada audiens. Ketika berbicara di depan umum yang perlu dipikirkan adalah apa
yang ingin audiens kita dapatkan bukan apa yang ingin kita dapatkan. Sebuah
pidato dikatakan berhasil apabila audiens mendapatkan manfaat dari pidato
tersebut. Jadi alangkah baiknya apabila sebelum berpidato kita sudah mengetahui
apa yang diinginkan oleh audiens kita.
PUBLIC
SPEAKING JAMAN KUNO
Sekitar 2.500 tahun yang lalu di Athena kuno, para
pemuda diminta untuk memberikan pidato yang efektif sebagai bagian dari tugas
mereka sebagai warga negara. Selama waktu itu Socrates (c.469-3998 SM), Plato
(427-347 SM), dan Aristoteles (384-322 SM) mengajarkan murid mereka filsafat
dan retorika. Retorika menurut Plato adalah "seni memenangkan jiwa oleh
wacana."
Demokrasi saat berkembang saat itu semua warga harus
mampu berbicara dalam legislatif dan bersaksi di pengadilan. Warga bertemu di
Sidang besar di pasar (agora) untuk membahas isu-isu perang dan ekonomi dan
politik.Ditambah dengan lembaga Pengadilan Rakyat oleh Sage, Solon, di 594-593
SM, dimana warga bisa membawa keluhan-keluhan mereka ke pengadilan dan berdebat
kasus mereka. Saat itu, tidak ada pengacara dan karena orang sering menggugat
satu sama lain , sehingga penting bagi setiap warga negara untuk memiliki
kemampuan komunikasi untuk dirinya dan keluarganya.
Aristoteles mengatakan bahwa ada 5 tahap dalam
penyusunan pidato (Lima Hukum Retorika =
The Five Canons of Rhetoric), yaitu:
·
Inventio (penemuan), penggalian topik
dan menentukan metode persuasi yang
paling tepat, merumuskan tujuan mengumpulkan
bahan/argumen yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan khalayak. Aristoteles menyebut ada 3 metode persuasi, yaitu:
1.
Ethos, kita harus menunjukan kepada khalayak bahwa kita memiliki pengetahuan
yang luas, kepribadian yang terpercaya, status yang
terhormat.
2.
Pathos, kita harus dapat menyentuh hati khalayak: perasaan, emosi, harapan,
kebencian.
3.
Logos, kita dapat menunjukan dokumen atau contoh sesuatu sebagai bukti.
·
Dispositio (penyusunan), tahap
pengorganisasian pesan. Aristoteles
menyebutnya taxis, pesan harus dibagike dalam beberapa bagian yang
berkaitan secara logis: pengantar, pernyataan, argumen, dan epilog
·
Elocutio
(gaya), pemilihan kata-kata
dan bahasa yang
tepat untuk mengemas pesan. Gunakan bahasa yang tepat,
benar dan dapat diterima, pilih
kata-kata yang jelas dan langsung, rangkaian kalimat yang indah, hidup
·
Memoria
(memori), pembicara harus mengingat pesan yang ingin disampaikan
·
Pronuntiatio (penyampaian), pembicara
menyampaikan pesannya. Di
sini acting sangat berperan,
pembicara harus memperhatikan olah vocal
dan gerakan tubuh.
PERKEMBANGAN
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Retorika adalah seni sekaligus ilmu yang mempelajari
penggunaan bahasa dengan tujuan menghasilkan efek persuasif. Selain logika dan
tata bahasa, retorika adalah ilmu wacana yang tertua yang dimulai sejak zaman
Yunani kuno. Hingga saat ini, retorika adalah bagian sentral dalam pendidikan
di dunia Barat. Kemampuan dan keahlian untuk berbicara di depan audiens publik
dan untuk mempersuasi audiens untuk melakukan sesuatu melalui seni berbicara
adalah bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari pelatihan seorang intelektual
(Johnstone, 1995). Retorika sebagai cabang ilmu berkaitan erat dengan
penggunaan simbol-simbol dalam interaksi antar manusia.
Dalam sistematisasi retorika Aristoteles, aspek
terpenting dalam teori dan dasar pemikiran retorika adalah tiga jenis
pendekatan untuk mempersuasi audiens, yakni logos, pathos dan ethos. Logos
adalah strategi untuk meyakinkan audiens dengan menggunakan wacana yang
mengedepankan pengetahuan dan rasionalitas (reasoned discourse), sementara
pathos adalah pendekatan yang mengutamakan emosi atau menyentuh perasaan
audiens dan ethos adalah pendekatan moral—menggunakan nilai-nilai yang
berkaitan dengan keyakinan audiens. Di abad ke-20, retorika berkembang menjadi
sebuah cabang ilmu pengetahuan dengan berkembangnya pengajaran tentang
komunikasi publik dan retorika di sekolah-sekolah menengah dan
universitas-universitas pertama di Eropa dan kemudian meluas hingga
kawasan-kawasan lain di dunia. Harvard, sebagai universitas pertama di Amerika
Serikat, misalnya, telah lama memiliki kurikulum mata kuliah dasar sebagai
Retorika sebagai salah satu mata kuliahnya (Borchers, 2006). Dengan
berkembangnya ilmu komunikasi, pembelajaran retorika lebih meluas lagi. Saat
ini, retorika dipelajari dalam ruang lingkup yang luas dalam bidang pemasaran,
politik, komunikasi, bahkan bahasa (linguistik). Propaganda menjadi fenomena
retorika yang sangat menarik. Ketika orang berlomba-lomba mendesain kata-kata
untuk mempengaruhi orang lain, itu membuktikan bahwa seni merangkai pesan
sangat berpengaruh dalam berkomunikasi.
Tokoh-tokoh retorika mutakhir:
- James
A. Winans dalam bukunya “public
speaking”( 1917) menggunakan spikologi dari Williams James dan E.B
Tichener. Sesuai teori James bahwa tindakan ditentukan perhatian, Winans
mendefinisikan persuasi sebagai “proses menumbuhkan perhatian. Pentingnya
membangkitkan emosi melalui motif- motif psikologi seperti kepentingan
pribadi, kewajiban sosial dan kewajiban agama. Winans adalah pendiri
Speech Communication Association of America (1950).
- Charles
Henry Woolbert yang juga pendiri Speech
Communication Association of America. Psikologi yang memengaruhinya adalah
behaviorisme dari John B.Watson. Woolbert memandang Speech Communication
sebagai ilmu tingkah laku. Pidato merupakan ungkapan kepribadian. Logika
adalah dasar utama persuasi. Dalam menyusun persiapan pidato harus
diperhatikan hal-hal sebagai berikut: (1) Teliti tujuannya, (2) Ketahui
khalayak dan situasinya, (3) Tentukan proposisi yang cocok dengan khalayak
dan situasi tersebut, (4) Pilih kalimat-kalimat yang dipertalikan secara
logis. Bukunya, The Fundamental of Speech.
- William
Noorwood Brigance. Berbeda dengan Woolbert yang
menitikberatkan logika, Brigance menekankan faktor keinginan (desire)
sebagai dasar persuasi. Persuasi meliputi empat unsur: 1) Rebut perhatian
pendengar, 2) Usahakan pendengar untuk mempercayai kemampuan dan karakter
anda, 3) Dasarkanlah pemikiran pada keinginan, dan 4) Kembangkan setiap
gagasan sesuai dengan sikap pendengar.
- Alan
H.Monroe dalam bukunya, Principles and
Types of Speech. Pertengahan tahun 20-an Monroe bersama stafnya meneliti
proses motivasi. Jasa, Monroe, cara organisasi pesan. Menurut Monroe pesan
harus disusun berdasarkan proses berpikir manusia yang disebutnya
motivated sequence.
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